Mycocepurus smithii is unique among ants and among eusocial hymenoptera, in that males seem to be. Polyploidy versus endosymbionts in obligately thelytokous. Taxonomy and evolution of putative thelytokous species of leptopilina hymenoptera. Viable triploid honey bees apis mellifera capensis are. A wide range of reproductive strategies have been noted in ant species. Herein, we report behavioral, ecological and genetic studies to determine whether there is gene flow between arrhenotokous and thelytokous t. We present evidence for obligate thelytoky in the asexual fungusgardening ant, mycocepurus smithii, in which queens produce female offspring from unfertilized eggs, workers are sterile, and males appear to be completely absent. This species is unusual in that queens and reproductive hierarchies are absent and all workers in a colony can reproduce via thelytokous parthenogenesis tsuji and yamauchi 1995. Journal of hymenoptera research publishes papers of high scientific quality reporting comprehensive research on all aspects of hymenoptera, including biology, behavior, ecology, systematics, taxonomy, genetics, and morphology.
Thelotokous parthenogenesis has been known to occur in the eusocial hymenoptera for many decades. Platygastridae is a lepidopteran egg parasitoid that is currently being mass reared and released in several central and south american countries for the control of spodoptera noctuidae pest species, in particular the fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda j. All social insects are characterized by a reproductive division of labor. Thelytokous parthenogenesis as described above generates embryos that are pseudoclones of their worker parent. Instructions for use title taxonomy and evolution of putative thelytokous species of leptopilina hymenoptera.
During normal reproduction in hymenoptera, three of the four products of meiosis that are present in newlylaid eggs are lost as polar bodies, while the remaining pronucleus either develops as a haploid. Annals of the entomological society of america 816. Loss of males from mixedsex societies in termites bmc. Genes underlying reproductive division of labor in. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in the fungusgardening ant mycocepurus smithii hymenoptera.
The cytological mechanism underlying thelytoky in cape honey bees is automixis with central fusion 112, which leads to gradual loss of heterozygosity, especially at loci distant from centromeres 3, 84. A b isolation and dna barcode characterization of a. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in the fungusgardening ant. The lifecycle of a progressive provisioning wasp is divided into a reproductive phase, during which the wasp constructs a brood cell, has activated ovaries, and lays an egg, as well as a brood care phase, during which the wasp forages and provisions the larva while her ovaries are inactive figure 4a. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera antwiki. Summary centers for disease control and prevention. Comparisons of life histories between living species with different degrees of social behavior. Mycocepurus smithii is unique among ants and among eusocial hymenoptera, in that males seem to be completely absent and only queens and not workers produce diploid offspring via. Evolutionary history of the hymenoptera sciencedirect. Although apomixis is the most common form of parthenogenesis in diplodiploid arthropods, it is uncommon in the haplodiploid insect order hymenoptera. During normal reproduction in hymenoptera, three of the four products of meiosis that are present in newlylaid eggs are lost as polar bodies, while the remaining pronucleus either develops as a.
A method for estimating variation in the phenotypic expression of morphological characters by thelytokous parthenogenesis in apis mellifera capensis. Because honey bee queens mate with and store sperm from multiple drones, emergency queen. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera annual. In thelytokous parthenogenesis by cape workers the central rather than the terminal or random pronuclei fuse to produce the restored diploid nucleus, as if one of the central maternal pronuclei takes the place of a sperm pronucleus. Sexual reproduction is the norm in almost all animal species, and in many advanced animal societies, both males and females participate in social activities. Female parthenogenesis, or thelytoky, is particularly common in solitary hymenoptera. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera rabeling and kronauer 2 of the host colony 2, 5, 52, 57. The frequency of thelytokous parthenogenesis in europeanderived. Females typically have a special ovipositor for inserting eggs into hosts or places that are otherwise inaccessible. Wolbachia is known to cause at least four distinct classes of reproductive phenotypes in a range of arthropods. Title taxonomy and evolution of putative thelytokous species of leptopilina hymenoptera. In 16 colonies collected in florida, a total of 66 individuals differed morphologically from queens and workers. Oct 01, 2018 the haplodiploid system of sex determination of hymenoptera acts as an exaptation for species to evolve novel forms of asexual reproduction including thelytoky clonal offspring of the mother.
Nonnest mate discrimination and clonal colony structure in the parthenogenetic ant. The cytological mechanism underlying thelytoky in cape honey bees is automixis with central fusion 112, which leads to gradual loss of heterozygosity, especially. Nonnest mate discrimination and clonal colony structure. Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Jan 22, 20 here, we studied the social cohesion and genetic composition of colonies of the parthenogenetic ant cerapachys biroi. Hymenopterans, the membranewinged insects, include bees, ants, and a large number of other insect taxa collectively referred to as wasps.
Read hybridogenesis through thelytokous parthenogenesis in two c ataglyphis desert ants, molecular ecology on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Polyploidy versus endosymbionts in obligately thelytokous thrips. Apomictic parthenogenesis in a parasitoid wasp meteorus pulchricornis, uncommon in the haplodiploid order hymenoptera. Over 150,000 living species of hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Key evolutionary events are indicated at the respective clades note that only the major eusocial lineages are considered. Original publication portal on ontobee on obo foundary on bioportal iri owl file disclaimer. Thelytokous parthenogenesis by queens in the dacetine ant. The origins of eusociality in hymenoptera the insects. Platygastridae population in florida that targets fall armyworm lepidoptera. Cryptic royal subfamilies in honey bee apis mellifera. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in unmated queen honeybees. Here we report for the first time on the occurrence of physogastric workers and apparent worker reproduction. Reproductive division of labor is one of the key features of social insects.
Taxonomic papers describing single species are acceptable if the species has economic importance or provides new data on the biology or evolution of the genus or higher. A decade ago, the mixed reproductive strategy asexual queen succession aqs was first described in termites. The phenomenon of thelytoky, the asexual production of diploid female offspring, is being increasingly uncovered among the eusocial hymenoptera. The genome of the clonal raider ant cerapachys biroi. Thelytokous parthenogenesis, the production of diploid female offspring from unfertilized eggs, has been observed in a small number of eusocial hymenopteran species. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in unmated queen honeybees apis. That is, thelytokous offspring receive one copy of the two grandparental genomes and are largely identical to their thelytokous parent, unless recombination during meiosis has resulted in loss of heterozygosity. Apomictic parthenogenesis in a parasitoid wasp meteorus. Here we report one such instance of asexual reproduction in the ants. Egglaying and male production by workers have been documented in several species, and soulie 1970 claimed that in c. The hymenoptera include famous examples of social insects, such as honeybees and true ants. Genetic constraints may have influenced the evolution of eusociality. Thelytoky from the greek thelys female and tokos birth is a type of parthenogenesis in which females are produced from unfertilized eggs, as for example in aphids. A b isolation and dna barcode characterization of a permanent.
Detection of gene flow from sexual to asexual lineages in. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera rabeling, christian. Widespread occurrence of asexual reproduction in higher. During emergency queen rearing, worker honey bees apis mellifera select several otherwise workerdestined larvae to instead rear as candidates to replace their dead or failing queen. Author information1museum of comparative zoology labs, harvard university, cambridge, massachusetts 028, usa. Colony structure and reproduction in the thelytokous.
In many species, however, workers retain functional ovaries and can lay unfertilized male eggs or trophic eggs. Research open access worker reproduction of the invasive yellow crazy ant anoplolepis gracilipes chingchen lee1,2, hirotaka nakao3, shuping tseng4,5, hungwei hsu4, gwoli lin4, jiawei tay6, johan billen7. Problem is any tendency to perform such altruistic acts should by definition of natural selection be selected against and thus disappear over evolutionary time. Pierce, laurent keller, nonnest mate discrimination and clonal colony structure in the parthenogenetic ant cerapachys biroi, behavioral ecology, volume 24. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in the exotic dacetine ant strumigenys. Only more recently has it become clear that many eusocial species also regularly reproduce thelytokously, and. Evolutionary history of the hymenoptera a representatives of sawflies, wasps, ants, and bees. Hybridogenesis through thelytokous parthenogenesis in two c. Independent colony founding was successful for a few queens. It is most common in the ants where it has evolved at least four times independently and is present in at least 14 species 42. Definition an act by donor that has a cost, that is lowers its fitness, to a receiver, who gets a benefit, that is its fitness is increased. Populations of thrips tabaci are known to have two sympatric but genetically isolated reproductive modes, arrhenotoky sexual reproduction and thelytoky asexual reproduction.
Taxonomy and evolution of putative thelytokous species of. Only more recently has it become clear that many eusocial species also regularly reproduce thelytokously, and here we provide a comprehensive overview. Queens are adapted for reproduction while workers are adapted for foraging and colony maintenance. Thripidae, is an example in which sexual and asexual reproduction occur sympatrically 2224. Queens that emerged in the laboratory were kept with or without workers under laboratory conditions. Arrhenotoky and haplodiploidy males are haploid and inherit a single set of chromosomes from their mother, whereas females are diploid and.
Especially in ants, thelytoky underlies a variety of idiosyncratic life histories with unique evolutionary and ecological consequences. Midcoxal articulations and the phylogeny of the order hymenoptera. In haplodiploid insects, thelytoky can be encoded in their genomes, or induced by maternally inherited bacteria such. Figitidae from japan, with description of two new species. Isolation and dna barcode characterization of a permanent telenomus hymenoptera. Here, we document thelytokous reproduction by queens in the polygynous species pyramica membranifera. The evolution of such reproductive altruism can ultimately be explained by inclusive fitness theory. Over 150,000 living species of hymenoptera have been described, 2 3 in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. The ability to produce diploid offspring from unfertilized eggs by thelytokous parthenogenesis is rare among the hymenoptera and provides a challenge to the theories mentioned above that try to explain the maintenance of eusociality stern and foster 1997. Hymenoptera bees, ants, wasps ordinal characteristics. Introduction to the hymenoptera brown marmorated stink bug. Here we report for the first time on the occurrence of physogastric workers and apparent worker. Worker reproduction of the invasive yellow crazy ant.
Thelytoky, the parthenogenetic development of females, has independently evolved in several insect orders yet the study of its mechanisms has so far mostly focussed on haplodiploid hymenoptera, while alternative mechanisms of thelytoky such as polyploidy are far less understood. Only more recently has it become clear that many eusocial species also regularly reproduce thelytokously, and here we provide. Multiple mating and supercoloniality in cataglyphis desert. Jun 16, 2010 thelytokous parthenogenesis in which diploid females are produced from unfertilized eggs, was recently reported for some ant species. So far, thelytoky has been convincingly demonstrated in the cape honeybee, apis mellifera capensis 1921, and for seven. Thelytokous parthenogenesis is the asexual production of female. The eusocial genus apis, the honeybees, have the highest recombination rate in higher eukaryotes. Several hymenopteran species have been tested for wolbachia infections, but wolbachia could never be demonstrated to induce parthenogenesis in any thelytokous eusocial hymenoptera species 28. New species and records of nearctic mutillid wasps of the genus. An introduction to the diversity the order offers, and guidance on identification how to collect hymenoptera, and specifically trissolcus how to handle samples from the field how to correctly mount and label specimens new friends a challenge that. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera, annual.
Workers of the widely distributed myrmicine genus cremato gaster are typically monomorphic and small to medium in size. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in which diploid females are produced from unfertilized eggs, was recently reported for some ant species. Thelytokous parthenogenesis is rare among animals and reported in about 1,500 species, about 1 in of described animal species, according to a 1984 study. Research open access worker reproduction of the invasive yellow crazy ant anoplolepis gracilipes chingchen lee1,2, hirotaka nakao3, shuping tseng4,5, hungwei hsu4, gwoli lin4, jiawei tay6, johan billen7, fuminori ito3, chowyang lee8, chungchi lin1 and chincheng scotty yang5 abstract background. Apr 17, 2008 in thelytokous parthenogenesis by cape workers the central rather than the terminal or random pronuclei fuse to produce the restored diploid nucleus, as if one of the central maternal pronuclei takes the place of a sperm pronucleus. Females of many species are known to be capable of reproducing asexually through thelytokous parthenogenesis53 and one species, mycocepurus smithii is known to be allfemale. In haplodiploid insects, thelytoky can be encoded in their genomes, or induced by maternally inherited. Artificial selection on ant female caste ratio uncovers a. Especially in ants, thelytoky underlies a variety of idiosyncratic life histories with unique evolutionary. Thelytokous parthenogenesis was examined in artificial groups of virgin laboratoryreared workers, where one worker typically monopolized reproduction despite the presence of several individuals with elongated ovaries. We examined the possibility that queens use thelytokous parthenogenesis for the production of new queens by comparing the mean observed heterozygosity h o between queens and workers.
Key evolutionary events are indicated at the respective clades note that. The genome structure of the order hymenoptera has been found to have the highest recombination rates of any other groups in animalia. To establish the clonal raider ant cerapachys biroi as a model eusocial organism, we sequenced and assembled its 214 megabase mb draft genome using 33 gigabases gb of illumina reads 119. Thelytokous definition of thelytokous by merriamwebster. Since first reported by light in 1944 43 for the genus zootermopsis.
Pdf thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera. Mar 12, 2016 thelytokous parthenogenesis as described above generates embryos that are pseudoclones of their worker parent. Nonnest mate discrimination and clonal colony structure in. B phylogenetic relationships and divergence time estimates of hymenoptera. To date, the complete loss of males from advanced social animal lineages has been reported only in ants and honey bees hymenoptera, whose workers are always female and whose males display no helping behaviors even. Many eusocial hymenoptera are derived from subsocial, progressive provisioning wasps 30 32.
Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera. We found a new type of spontaneous apomixis in the hymenoptera, completely lacking meiosis and the expulsion of polar bodies in egg maturation division, on the thelytokous strain of a parasitoid wasp meteorus pulchricornis wesmael braconidae, euphorinae on pest lepidopteran larvae spodoptera litura fabricius noctuidae. In aqs species, the workers, soldiers and dispersing reproductives are produced through sexual reproduction, while nondispersing neotenic queens arise through automictic thelytokous parthenogenesis, replace the founding queen and mate with the founding king. The evolutionary genetics of thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera. Hybridogenesis through thelytokous parthenogenesis in two. The evolutionary genetics of thelytokous parthenogenesis. The haplodiploid system of sex determination of hymenoptera acts as an exaptation for species to evolve novel forms of asexual reproduction including thelytoky clonal offspring of the mother. Feb 01, 20 read hybridogenesis through thelytokous parthenogenesis in two c ataglyphis desert ants, molecular ecology on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Within a colony only a few individuals reproduce queens and in termites, also a king while the large majority workers and soldiers forgo reproduction, at least temporarily.
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